Developmental Psychology

It cannot establish cause-effect relationships since correlations only indicate associations.

Correlational studies allow predictions about one variable based upon knowledge of another but not causal claims.

Correlational designs can demonstrate causality if high correlation coefficients are found.

Strongly positive or negative correlations imply direct causation between variables being studied.

a toy is hidden under a blanket and an infant looks for the object

an infant recognizes herself in the mirror

a toy is hidden under a blanket and an infant is confused or upset by the loss

A cookie is broken in quarters, and a child thinks that there are 4 cookies

postformal

preoperational

formal operations

concrete operations

Utilizing concrete manipulatives before introducing abstract symbols and diagrams related to math concepts

Introducing complex theoretical problems prior to establishing foundational understanding using everyday examples

Avoiding visual aids altogether so as not to distract from numerical calculation practice

Focusing exclusively on verbal instructions followed by rote memorization tasks associated with numbers

Concrete Operational Stage

Formal Operational stage

Preoperational Stage

Sensorimotor Stage

Misinterpretation of a child's behavior based on predetermined stage characteristics.

Overemphasis on genetic factors over environmental influences in learning processes.

Inaccurate prediction of future behaviors using past experiences alone.

Neglecting individual differences by focusing solely on group dynamics.

Western children exhibit natural predispositions towards superior spatial cognition.

Differences attributed solely to genetic factors affecting perceptual processing.

Differences stem from varied environmental interactions emphasizing spatial information.

Eastern education systems focus less on developing spatial skills than Western ones.

Greater emphasis on learning through interaction with environment

Reduced focus on stages of development

Increased emphasis on inherent personality traits

Decreased value for early childhood experiences

It exclusively focuses on adolescent development and isn’t applicable to children.

It proposes that all children learn best through rote memorization irrespective of age or stage of development.

It provides a framework for understanding how children's thought processes change and develop, enabling educators to tailor their teaching methods more effectively.

It offers techniques for managing learning difficulties without addressing underlying cognitive structures.

They may ignore moral values to excel in their skills or industry.

Children prioritize leisure activities over academic achievements during this stage.

Social acceptance might be more important than skill mastery at this age for some children.

Children might be more concerned with body image rather than feeling competent.