Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

a. Explain how each of the following relates to Rayce’s skateboarding while the crowd is watching him.

• Vestibular sense
• Social facilitation
• Incentive theory

b. Later, Rayce puts the video of himself online, complete with bright graphics and fast-tempo music. He quickly gains new customers for his business by allowing people to try his skateboard free for an hour. Explain how each of the following relates to the effectiveness of this sales campaign.

• Divergent thinking
• Peripheral route to persuasion
• Reciprocity norm
• Mere-exposure effect

a. Crystallized intelligence: Ludy's accumulated knowledge and experience over the years, such as his understanding of library organization and his ability to create programs for children, would be considered crystallized intelligence, which is why he is able to work at the library again. b. Altruism: Ludy's decision to volunteer at the library and create programs for disadvantaged children demonstrates altruism, as he is motivated by a desire to help others rather than by personal gain. c. Big Five trait of extraversion: Ludy's enjoyment of working alone and focusing on his task in the library suggests that he is low in extraversion, or introverted. His willingness to volunteer, however, suggests that he is not completely introverted. d. Broca's area: Broca's area is responsible for speech production. Ludy's ability to create programs for children would involve the use of Broca's area, which allows him to communicate his ideas effectively. e. Self-efficacy: Ludy's previous positive experience at the library likely contributes to a sense of self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. His past success would make him believe he can be successful in his new role. f. Episodic memory: Ludy's recollection of his positive experiences working at the library as a teenager is an example of episodic memory, which is the memory of specific events and experiences. g. Self-actualization: Ludy's decision to return to the library and create programs for disadvantaged children may reflect a desire for self-actualization, which involves fulfilling one's potential and finding meaning and purpose in life. He is pursuing an activity that is meaningful to him and aligns with his values.

a. Explain how each of the following could apply to Malia’s completion of the assignment.

• Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy
• A low score on the Big Five trait of neuroticism
• External locus of control
• Divergent thinking
• Efferent neurons

b. Malia’s teacher, Mr. Barry, has many papers to grade. Explain how each of the following might apply to his success in grading the papers.

• Incentive theory
• Crystallized intelligence