#AP Psychology Study Guide: Mood & Anxiety Disorders

Hey there! Let's get you prepped for the AP Psych exam. This guide is designed to be your best friend the night before the test – clear, concise, and super helpful. Let's dive in!

#Mood Disorders

Mood disorders involve significant disruptions in mood, leading to depression, mania, or both. These can stem from chemical imbalances, genetics, environment, or seasonal changes.

• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Seasonal pattern, often linked to changes in daylight. ☀️
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Severe, lasting for months or years. Can be triggered by loss or trauma.
• Dysthymic Disorder: Mild, persistent depression lasting at least two years. 🕰️

Image Courtesy of Verywell Mind.

#Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Characterized by a depressed mood and loss of interest for a sustained period.
• Often linked to loss (present or past), leading to a detachment from reality.
• Causes feelings of low motivation and difficulty in daily tasks. 🛌
• Individuals may eventually redirect energy into exercise or other coping mechanisms.

#Dysthymic Disorder

• Mild, persistent depression lasting at least two years.
• Symptoms include:
  • Loss of appetite
  • Sleeping problems
  • Low energy and self-esteem
  • Loss of focus
  • Hopelessness

• Characterized by mood swings between depression and mania or hypomania.
• Mania: Hyperactive, euphoric state, with impulsivity and reckless behavior. 🤪
• Individuals experience both depressive and manic episodes.
• Note: Bipolar disorder is treatable.

#Suicide

• Increased risk for individuals with depression or bipolar disorder.
• National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-TALK (8255)

#Self-Injury

• Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is often a coping mechanism related to past traumas.
• Includes any method of self-harm.

#Etiology of Mood Disorders

#Biological Factors

• Genetic predisposition: Family history increases risk. 🧬
• Smaller left frontal lobe (associated with positive emotions) in depressed brains.
• Neurotransmitter imbalances: Low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in depressed individuals.

#Social-Cognitive Factors

• Low self-esteem and negative views of life contribute to depression.
• Explanatory Style: How you handle stress impacts vulnerability to depression.
  • Stable: "It's going to last forever."
  • Global: "It's going to affect everything I do."
  • Internal: "It's all my fault."

Practice Question

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the difference between obsessions and compulsions? (A) Obsessions are repetitive behav...