An enslaved African who wrote a firsthand account of the horrors of the Middle Passage.

A Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

A trade network involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas, exchanging manufactured goods, slaves, and raw materials.

The brutal journey across the Atlantic for enslaved Africans, characterized by inhumane conditions and high mortality rates.

A system where slaves are considered property with no legal rights, able to be bought, sold, and inherited.

A system where the Spanish Crown granted land and Native Americans to Spanish colonists for labor and conversion to Catholicism.

A system where the Spanish paid a tax to their king for each slave imported, replacing declining Native American labor.

A social hierarchy based on race and ethnicity in Spanish colonies, determining social, economic, and political status.

A Spanish colonist who was granted land and Native Americans under the encomienda system.

Native Americans forced to work for Spanish colonists under the encomienda system.

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the Spanish colonial system.

The forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s.

Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas, European desire for wealth. Effects: Devastation of African societies, development of plantation economies, racial inequalities.

Causes: Spanish colonization, need for labor. Effects: Exploitation of Native Americans, decline in Native American populations.

Causes: Decline in Native American populations. Effects: Increased African slave trade, revenue for the Spanish Crown.

Causes: Desire to maintain power, racial ideology. Effects: Social hierarchy, discrimination, limited opportunities for non-elites.