Interactions North America, 1491–1607
What did Chattel slavery permit?
Slaves had legal rights.
For slaves to be considered property of their owners.
Slaves were to be interchanged with animals such as cattle.
Slaves could not be inherited.
If the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 had resulted in a permanent expulsion of Spanish colonizers from New Mexico, how might this have affected the Spanish colonial caste system in North America?
The caste system would have been adopted by indigenous groups, creating similar hierarchies within their communities.
The encomienda system would have expanded as other European powers filled the void left by Spain.
The caste system would likely have weakened without Spanish enforcement, leading to less stratified indigenous societies.
The British and French would have adopted the Spanish caste model after observing its collapse in New Mexico.
What labor system was primarily used in the early Spanish colonies to exploit native populations and resources?
Encomienda system
Indentured servitude
Feudalism
Sharecropping
Which political change is most closely associated with the Compromise of 1850?
The immediate abolition of slavery in Washington D.C.
The prohibition of slave trade throughout the United States.
California entered as a free state balancing the number of slave and free states.
The granting of popular sovereignty to all new territories.
What consolidated the transatlantic slave trade within the Spanish colonial economy?
Expansion into Mississippi River Valley
Establishment of tobacco farms
Gold discoveries in California
Demand for labor on sugar plantations
Which term best describes Spain’s policy of granting land parcels to colonists together with legal control over local Indigenous peoples?
Hacienda
Presidio
Repartimiento
Encomienda
How might Latin American social structures differ today if mestizos had risen to power early during Spanish colonial rule due to a widespread revolt against peninsulares?
French colonies would likely adopt a similar model fostering mixed-race leadership classes.
An early mestizo rise could have disrupted the caste system creating a more socially mobile society with less racial stratification.
The British may have allied with mestizos to undermine Spanish control in South America.
Portuguese colonial policies in Brazil would shift towards complete segregation instead of miscegenation.

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Which group primarily benefitted from Spain’s Bourbon Reforms implemented throughout its colonies in America during the late eighteenth century?
Criollos whose political power expanded due to administrative restructuring.
Peninsulares who saw increased economic opportunity due to trade liberalization policies.
Iberian merchants who experienced decreased competition from local colonial businesses.
Indigenous communities that received greater land rights as reforms weakened encomiendas.
What impact did casta paintings have on colonial society?
Facilitated upward social mobility for mixed-race individuals
Standardized administrative practices across the colonies
Solidified racial hierarchies within colonial society
Fostered equality and dismantled pre-existing racial prejudices
What was the primary role of encomiendas in the Spanish colonial system?
They were military forts designed to protect Spanish colonies.
They granted Spanish colonizers authority over indigenous peoples.
They served as religious institutions for converting indigenous people to Christianity.
They documented formal peace treaties with Native tribes.