All Flashcards
What was the significance of Vasco da Gama reaching India by sea?
It established a direct sea route between Europe and India, opening up new trade opportunities and challenging existing trade networks.
What was the impact of the development of the printing press?
It facilitated the rapid dissemination of information and ideas, contributing to the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution.
What was the consequence of Newton's Laws of Gravitation?
Provided a framework for understanding the movement of objects in the universe, leading to advancements in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
What was the effect of the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange led to the transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
What was the effect of the Protestant Reformation?
The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th-century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It resulted in the fragmentation of Western Christianity and the emergence of new Protestant denominations.
What was the impact of better mapmaking?
More accurate representations of Earth's features. Made exploration and trade routes easier and helped identify hazards and resources.
What was the impact of the development of the Caravel?
Stronger, more durable ships allowing for longer voyages and exploration of new areas.
What was the impact of the development of the Carrack?
Large, versatile vessel with multiple masts. Increased cargo capacity and ability to travel long distances.
What was the impact of the development of the Fluyt?
Efficient, narrow hull. Increased speed and efficiency for trade and transport.
What was the impact of the development of the Compass?
More reliable and accurate for sea navigation. Helped with trade and the spread of ideas.
Define Astrolabe.
An instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, determining time, latitude, and longitude.
Define Lateen Sail.
A triangular sail that allowed for better maneuverability and more efficient sailing in different wind directions.
Define Caravel.
A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.
Define Carrack.
A three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe, most famously used by Christopher Columbus.
Define Fluyt.
A Dutch type of sailing vessel designed for transoceanic cargo capacity, efficiency, and crew size.
Define Astronomical Charts.
Accurate charts showing the positions of stars and planets, used for navigation and predicting celestial events.
Define Trans-Atlantic Trade.
A trade route that involved the exchange of goods, people, and resources between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Define Printing Press.
A device that allowed for the mass production of printed materials, facilitating the spread of knowledge and ideas.
Define Colonial Empires.
Empires established through the acquisition and control of overseas territories, often driven by economic and political motives.
Define Scientific Revolution.
A period of major intellectual and scientific changes in Europe, marked by new discoveries and a shift towards empirical observation and reason.
Who was Christopher Columbus?
An Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and is credited with initiating sustained European contact with the Americas.
Who was Vasco da Gama?
A Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, establishing a crucial trade route.
Who was Hernán Cortés?
A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.
Who was James Cook?
A British explorer who mapped Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and many Pacific islands.
Who was Henry Hudson?
An English explorer who explored the Arctic and North America.
Who was Isaac Newton?
An English physicist and mathematician who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
A German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press.