All Flashcards
Define Astrolabe.
An instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, determining time, latitude, and longitude.
Define Lateen Sail.
A triangular sail that allowed for better maneuverability and more efficient sailing in different wind directions.
Define Caravel.
A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.
Define Carrack.
A three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe, most famously used by Christopher Columbus.
Define Fluyt.
A Dutch type of sailing vessel designed for transoceanic cargo capacity, efficiency, and crew size.
Define Astronomical Charts.
Accurate charts showing the positions of stars and planets, used for navigation and predicting celestial events.
Define Trans-Atlantic Trade.
A trade route that involved the exchange of goods, people, and resources between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Define Printing Press.
A device that allowed for the mass production of printed materials, facilitating the spread of knowledge and ideas.
Define Colonial Empires.
Empires established through the acquisition and control of overseas territories, often driven by economic and political motives.
Define Scientific Revolution.
A period of major intellectual and scientific changes in Europe, marked by new discoveries and a shift towards empirical observation and reason.
What were the causes and effects of European exploration in the Americas?
Causes: Desire for wealth, new trade routes, spread of Christianity. Effects: Columbian Exchange, establishment of colonial empires, exploitation of indigenous populations.
What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?
Causes: Renaissance humanism, rediscovery of classical texts, new technologies. Effects: New scientific discoveries, changes in worldview, challenges to traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of the development of new ship technologies?
Causes: Desire for faster and more efficient trade, exploration of new territories. Effects: Increased trade, establishment of global trade networks, rise of European power.
What were the causes and effects of the spread of the printing press?
Causes: Desire for wider dissemination of knowledge, increased literacy. Effects: Spread of new ideas, challenges to traditional authority, increased access to information.
What were the causes and effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade?
Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas, economic incentives for European traders. Effects: Forced migration of Africans, devastating impact on African societies, establishment of plantation economies in the Americas.
What were the causes and effects of better mapmaking?
Causes: Desire for more accurate navigation, exploration of new territories. Effects: Easier exploration and trade routes, helped identify hazards and resources.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the Caravel?
Causes: Desire for stronger, more durable ships. Effects: Allowed for longer voyages and exploration of new areas.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the Carrack?
Causes: Desire for larger, more versatile vessels. Effects: Increased cargo capacity and ability to travel long distances.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the Fluyt?
Causes: Desire for more efficient trade and transport. Effects: Increased speed and efficiency for trade and transport.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the Compass?
Causes: Desire for more reliable and accurate sea navigation. Effects: Helped with trade and the spread of ideas.
Who was Christopher Columbus?
An Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and is credited with initiating sustained European contact with the Americas.
Who was Vasco da Gama?
A Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, establishing a crucial trade route.
Who was Hernán Cortés?
A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.
Who was James Cook?
A British explorer who mapped Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and many Pacific islands.
Who was Henry Hudson?
An English explorer who explored the Arctic and North America.
Who was Isaac Newton?
An English physicist and mathematician who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
A German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press.