Both were labor systems in Spanish America. Encomienda involved tribute and labor from indigenous people in exchange for protection, while haciendas were large agricultural estates often using indentured labor.

Both were forms of coerced labor. Indentured servants worked for a fixed term in exchange for passage, while chattel slaves were considered property and enslaved permanently.

Japan initially welcomed Europeans but later adopted isolationist policies. China maintained limited contact with Europeans until forced to open up in the 19th century.

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

The Inca leader captured and killed by Francisco Pizarro.

A Chinese explorer whose voyages preceded the Ming dynasty's retreat into isolationism.

Causes: Desire for new trade routes, wealth, and spreading Christianity. Effects: Establishment of maritime empires, exploitation of resources, and demographic changes.

Causes: Demand for cheap labor in the Americas, decimated indigenous populations. Effects: Demographic decline in Africa, social disruption, and the rise of plantation economies.

Causes: Desire to protect traditional culture from foreign influence. Effects: Unique cultural development, but missed opportunities for global advancements.

Causes: Spanish need for labor in the Americas. Effects: Exploitation of indigenous populations, decline in indigenous populations due to disease and overwork.

Causes: High demand for silver in China and Europe. Effects: Economic prosperity for Spain, forced labor of indigenous people in mines like Potosi.

Causes: Competition between Spain and Portugal for control of newly discovered lands. Effects: Division of the Americas between Spain and Portugal, influencing language divisions today.

Causes: Competition between France and Britain for land and resources in North America. Effects: British victory, French expulsion from Canada and India.