All Flashcards
What is 'Enlightenment'?
18th-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.
Define 'Natural Rights'.
Rights inherent to all humans, like life, liberty, and property (Locke).
What is the 'Social Contract'?
The idea that government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.
Define 'Tabula Rasa'.
The idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.
What is 'Mercantilism'?
Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country.
Define 'Nationalism'.
Identification with and devotion to one's nation; can be unifying or divisive.
What is 'Realpolitik'?
Political strategy based on practical considerations rather than ideology.
Define 'Creoles'.
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
What is the 'Estates General'?
A general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), nobles (Second Estate), and common people (Third Estate).
Define 'Peninsulares'.
Spanish-born Spaniards residing in the Spanish colonies.
What happened during the American Revolution?
American colonies fought for and won independence from Great Britain (1775-1783).
What happened during the French Revolution?
French society overthrew the monarchy, leading to radical changes and eventually Napoleonic rule (1789-1799).
What happened during the Haitian Revolution?
Enslaved people in Haiti revolted and established the first black-led republic (1791-1804).
What happened during the Latin American Revolutions?
Creoles led movements for independence from Spanish rule in the early 1800s.
What happened during the New Zealand Wars?
Maori tribes resisted British colonial expansion in New Zealand (1845-1872).
What happened during Italian Unification?
Various Italian states were united into a single nation (1815-1871).
What happened during German Unification?
German states were united into a single empire under Prussian leadership (1815-1871).
What was the Storming of the Bastille?
A pivotal event in the French Revolution; a symbol of the people's uprising against royal authority.
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period of extreme violence and executions during the French Revolution.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
A fundamental document of the French Revolution that defined individual and collective rights.
What were the causes and effects of the American Revolution?
Cause: British taxes without representation. Effect: American independence and a constitutional republic.
What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution?
Cause: Debt, social inequality. Effect: Abolition of feudalism, instability, and Napoleonic rule.
What were the causes and effects of the Haitian Revolution?
Cause: Slavery and French colonial rule. Effect: First black-led republic and land redistribution.
What were the causes and effects of the Latin American Revolutions?
Cause: Creole frustration with Spanish rule. Effect: Independent nations, but continued oppression.
What were the causes and effects of Italian Unification?
Cause: Nationalism. Effect: Creation of a unified Italy.
What were the causes and effects of German Unification?
Cause: Nationalism and Realpolitik. Effect: Creation of a unified German Empire.
What were the causes and effects of Balkan Nationalism?
Cause: Decline of the Ottoman Empire and nationalism. Effect: Independence movements in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Cause: Dissatisfaction with absolute monarchies and religious dogma. Effect: Revolutions, emphasis on individual rights, and new forms of government.
What were the causes and effects of British Imperialism in New Zealand?
Cause: British industrialization and desire for resources. Effect: Annexation of New Zealand and conflict with Maori tribes.
What were the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War?
Cause: Colonial disputes between Great Britain and France. Effect: Increased British debt and subsequent taxation of American colonies.