A businessman who built railroads and telegraph lines in southern Africa, expanding trade and investment.

Causes: Technological advancements, access to resources. Effects: Increased production, global trade, colonialism, environmental damage.

Causes: Desire for resources and markets. Effects: Exploitation of colonies, economic growth for colonizers, loss of sovereignty for colonized regions.

Causes: Need for faster transportation and communication. Effects: Increased trade, globalization, and economic growth.

Causes: Desire for more efficient farming. Effects: Increased agricultural output, displacement of small farmers, urbanization.

Causes: Industrialization. Effects: Resource extraction, environmental damage, exploitation of labor, growth of export economies.

Causes: Industrial demand for raw materials and agricultural products. Effects: Increased wealth in some regions, dependence on global markets, vulnerability to economic shocks.

Causes: Industrial demand and colonial policies. Effects: Environmental damage, depletion of resources, social unrest, and economic instability.

Causes: Mechanization, new crop varieties, and the Enclosure Movement. Effects: Supported industrial growth by providing food and raw materials.

Causes: The need for more efficient power sources. Effects: The growth of textile manufacturing, the expansion of global trade networks.

Causes: Industrial Revolution. Effects: Increased cotton production in the US and India.

A period of major technological advancement, especially in Britain in the late 1700s, leading to new tech, factories, and mass production.

Regions or countries focused on producing goods for export to other markets.

The introduction of machines into a process, especially in agriculture, to increase productivity.

The consolidation of small farms into larger, more efficient ones, leading to more commercial agriculture.

Excessive use of resources like guano, rubber, cotton, palm oil, diamonds, ivory, and minerals.

Crops grown for profit, often displacing local food production.

System of racial segregation in South Africa, linked to resource exploitation.

The clearing of forests for other land uses, often associated with resource extraction and agriculture.

The removal of topsoil by wind or water, often accelerated by deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices.

Large-scale mining or resource extraction operations often conducted by companies like De Beers.