All Flashcards
Define Industrial Revolution.
A period of major technological advancement, especially in Britain in the late 1700s, leading to new tech, factories, and mass production.
What are export economies?
Regions or countries focused on producing goods for export to other markets.
Define mechanization.
The introduction of machines into a process, especially in agriculture, to increase productivity.
What is the Enclosure Movement?
The consolidation of small farms into larger, more efficient ones, leading to more commercial agriculture.
Define overexploitation.
Excessive use of resources like guano, rubber, cotton, palm oil, diamonds, ivory, and minerals.
What are cash crops?
Crops grown for profit, often displacing local food production.
What is Apartheid?
System of racial segregation in South Africa, linked to resource exploitation.
Define deforestation.
The clearing of forests for other land uses, often associated with resource extraction and agriculture.
What is soil erosion?
The removal of topsoil by wind or water, often accelerated by deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices.
Define commercial extraction.
Large-scale mining or resource extraction operations often conducted by companies like De Beers.
When did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Late 1700s in Britain.
What was the impact of railroads?
Transformed transportation, moving goods and people faster than ever. Opened up new markets and territories for trade.
What was the impact of the telegraph?
Enabled instant communication over long distances, making trade coordination much more efficient.
What was the impact of steamships?
Made international trade faster and cheaper.
What was the impact of new machines like threshers and reapers?
Boosted farm productivity.
What was the result of the introduction of high-yield crops?
Increased food production, leading to more people and workers.
What was the result of increased cotton production in the US and India?
Massive demand for cotton textiles.
What was the impact of European colonialism?
European powers colonized many regions to control resources, leading to loss of sovereignty and cultural heritage.
What was the impact of the growth of export economies?
Increased wealth in some areas.
What was the impact of the overexploitation of resources?
Environmental damage and exploitation of labor.
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
A businessman who built railroads and telegraph lines in southern Africa, expanding trade and investment.