Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)
What system did the Spanish crown establish in its American colonies to regulate Native American labor and reward settlers with land, which subsequently influenced local economies and trade?
Feudalism
Caste system
Plantation system
Encomienda system
Which ideology emerged during this period providing justification for absolutist rule that simultaneously enabled monarchs like Louis XIV of France to centralize authority yet proved challenging when applied within multiethnic empires such ...
Enlightenment principles encouraged sovereign rational governance which some rulers used as a centralizing force despite posing problems due to conflicting national identities.
Divine Right Monarchy justified rulers' centralized power but often clashed with different ethnic groups' own claims.
Absolutism supported centralized control but provided no guidelines for managing ethnically diverse subjects effectively.
Mercantilism advocated for strong monarchical oversight over the economy which indirectly supported centralization but was neutral towards ethnic diversity issues.
How might the geopolitical landscape of South Asia have been altered if Akbar had not implemented policies of religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire?
The Mughal Empire would have expanded further westward into Europe.
The agricultural revolution in South Asia would have occurred earlier.
Hindu states may have posed a significant resistance, leading to prolonged conflicts.
The Portuguese would have established a stronger presence in India.
Which of these were considered the Gunpowder Empires in the Islamic World?
Ming China, Mughal India, Seljuk Turks
Ottoman Turkey, Delhi Sultanate, Khmer Cambodia
Safavid Persia, Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India
Tokugawa Shogunate, Ming China, Yuan China
How did both Qing China's Kangxi Emperor and France's Louis XIV demonstrate absolute rule through methods other than military conquests between the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century?
Establishing colonial governments abroad targeted at resource extraction
They sponsored cultural patronage projects like constructing palaces or promoting arts
Aiming at providing serfs liberal constitutions
Encouraging mass conversions towards state sanctioned religions
Which factor would most likely challenge the stability of a future land-based empire that relies on a single cash crop economy, similar to historical precedents set by empires in the early modern period?
Widespread adoption of new religious movements
Homogenization of local cultures and languages
Increased centralization of political power
Market fluctuations leading to economic collapse
What cultural trend was seen in both Ottoman and Mughal Empires?
Complete secularism with no religious influences at all.
Religious tolerance for multiple faiths.
Banishment or persecution of religious minorities.
Strict enforcement of one state religion.

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What could be a long-term consequence for Russia if Peter the Great had prioritized agricultural reforms over westernizing and militarizing his realm during his reign?
Exacerbated serfdom conditions causing widespread revolts across Russian lands sooner than historical peasant uprisings.
Created dependencies on foreign grain imports leading to economic vulnerability.
Stagnation of technological progress leaving Russia vulnerable to later Napoleonic invasions without modernized defenses.
Possibly triggering earlier industrial development through improved agrarian productivity and wealth distribution.
What could be a potential result if Tokugawa Shogunate did not impose Sakoku Edict to isolate Japan from foreign influence?
Feudalism in Japan would likely have ended significantly earlier due to external pressures for modernization.
The United States' westward expansion would have included parts of Japan.
The Japanese would likely have established colonies in America.
Japan might have been torn apart by internal strife fueled by rival European powers seeking to expand their influence.
In what way did taxation systems across different land-based empires reveal about their respective approaches to governance during this period?
Uniform tax codes across different regions within empires indicated an effective standardization of administrative procedures.
Rigorous tax collection strategies highlighted a universal trend towards absolutist regimes seeking complete control over economics.
Taxation systems reflected how empires balanced the need for revenue generation with maintaining social stability amongst varied populace.
The prevalence of corruption in taxation practices across empires suggests a common underestimation of bureaucratic efficiency.