Global Connections: 1450-1750
Which group held significant economic power in European societies during the period from 1450 to 1750?
Artisans
Merchant class
Serfs
Clergy
If silver mining in the Americas had not produced significant wealth for Spain, which alternative development might have most directly shaped European economic practices during the 16th and 17th centuries?
Expansion of agricultural production through land reclamation projects.
Greater reliance on mercantilist policies within Europe itself.
More intensive exploration and colonization of the African interior.
Increased focus on establishing trading posts in India and China.
What was a significant factor in accelerating the expansion of European colonialism from an economic perspective?
Developing farmland within their existing borders.
Resisting foreign influences on their culture.
Dealing with diseases brought back from new territories.
Making trade more efficient through maritime voyages.
What was a common response by Asian states such as China, Japan, or Korea when faced with increasing European maritime presence during this period?
Full-scale military alliance with one specific European power against all others for exclusive trading rights and protection benefits.
Limitation or regulation of European merchants' activities within their borders through state policies like Japan's sakoku edicts.
Immediate acceptance and integration into existing trade networks without any resistance or restrictions on foreign merchants.
Which of the following economic policies, adopted in various regions during the 1450-1750 period, had the greatest impact on reshaping global trade networks?
Mercantilism in European nations fostering colonial expansion.
Ottoman tax farming intensifying state control over agriculture.
The encomienda system in Spanish America focusing on forced labor.
Tokugawa Japan’s closed country edict limiting foreign influence.
Which societal transformation most accurately reflects the continuity in labor systems despite the changes introduced by European colonialism during 1450 to 1750?
The widespread adoption of encomienda and mita systems in Africa.
The abolition of slavery across the Atlantic world.
The persistence of serfdom in Eastern Europe.
The shift from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe.
Had the Mughal Empire successfully modernized its military early in the 18th century akin to European armies, what might have been an indirect consequence for regional dynamics?
Enhanced resistance against East India Company expansion.
Greater Western European influence in Persian affairs.
The acceleration of Ottoman decline due to competitive pressure.
A shift towards maritime exploration by South Indian states.

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During the period from 1450 to 1750, which region's participation in Indian Ocean trade demonstrates both continuity in regional trading patterns and adaptation to emerging global dynamics?
Scandinavian regions traded primarily within Baltic Sea networks without external influences.
South American empires actively developed Pacific routes independent of Asian markets.
North American tribes established transatlantic exchanges separate from European models.
East African city-states maintained Swahili commerce while engaging with Portuguese traders.
Which of the following represents a key similarity between the Spanish encomienda system in the Americas and Russian serfdom post-1700?
Both systems relied on coerced labor to support agrarian-based economies.
Each system provided significant social mobility for those subjected to it.
Both were abolished as a result of peasant uprisings demanding equal rights.
They were instituted primarily as a means of military conscription.
How did the Little Ice Age that began in the 16th century impact agricultural production in Europe?
Unchanged yields as it mainly affected non-agricultural regions.
Increased surplus due to improved frost-resistant crops.
Increased use of irrigation systems that mitigated the climate effects.
Decreased yields due to cooler temperatures and shorter growing seasons.