Revolutions (1750-1900)

Large-scale land reforms that redistributed property among peasants and nobility alike.

Extensive social welfare programs that increased worker productivity by improving living conditions.

Encouragement of mass emigration which spurred domestic innovation through brain drain competition.

Strategic use of warfare combined with diplomatic manipulation among European powers.

Utilizing foreign loans to invest in infrastructure projects across the empire.

Attempting modernization through Tanzimat reforms while maintaining Islamic law.

Constructing railroads with foreign assistance to improve internal transportation.

Importation of Western technology and advisors to modernize military forces.

Eliminated all class distinctions leading to a completely egalitarian society

Created a greater mobile labor force necessary for factory work

Led to widespread urbanization without significant economic development

Reasserted nobility control over peasants through remaining feudal structures

Its heavy taxation led to economic downfall hindering industrial progression.

Its conservative outlook delayed embracing foreign technologies causing late adoption of modern industry methods.

It encouraged isolationism, thus avoiding any foreign influence on industrialization.

Its focus on agricultural advancement resulted in neglecting manufacturing sectors.

All nations pursuing state-controlled economic policies experienced cultural homogenizations as traditional forms and practices were replaced by modern industrial equivalents uniformly around the world.

Population declined across industrializing nations owing to mass emigration seeking better living conditions elsewhere than those offered by newly industrialized cities.

Environmental degradation occurred irrespective of geographic location due to unregulated exploitation of natural resources in pursuit of industrial expansion.

Countries with state-led industrializationsawuniform increases in standards of living contrasting sharply with non-industrialized regions worldwide.

The reforms were more successful and comprehensive under Meiji Japan compared to those under late Qing China.

Both countries experienced similar progress levels due to their respective state-led industrializations with no significant differences present between them.

Only Meiji Japan relied on foreign technical experts while Qing China did not need any external assistance.

Only Qing China established a modern army as part of their reform process while Meiji Japan did not prioritize this action.

It caused a decrease in rural population.

It led to the growth of an urban working class.

It resulted in the immediate end of serfdom.

It reinforced the traditional feudal hierarchy.

Emphasis on laissez-faire capitalism allowing for minimal government intervention in business.

Nationalization of all key industries including coal, steel, and railroads for centralized control.

Complete reliance on colonial resources and labor for German industrial needs without domestic investment.

Implementation of protective tariffs to support nascent industries against British competition.

An increase in pests resistant to traditional methods of control.

Widespread flooding caused by deforestation upstream.

The spread of invasive plant species from newly discovered lands.

Soil depletion due to overuse without proper crop rotation or fertilizers.

They maintained a closed policy on international trade.

They isolated themselves from western ideas and technologies.

They encouraged feudalism and discouraged foreign influence.

They adopted western technology, established a centralized, constitutional monarchy, and promoted education and economic development.