#AP World History: Modern - Night Before Review 🚀

Hey! Let's get you prepped for the exam. This guide is designed to be your quick, high-impact review for tonight. We're focusing on the essentials and making sure you feel confident and ready. Let's do this! 💪

#Global Power Shifts (Early 20th Century)

#The Old Guard 👑

Western European Powers: Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands dominated due to industrialization and colonial expansion.
They held significant global political, economic, and cultural influence.

Key Concept

#The Rising Stars ✨

Japan: Rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration (1868) transformed it into a major economic and military force.
United States: Emerged as a global power after acquiring territories like the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

#The Shifting Balance ⚖️

Early 20th century saw a major power shift: Western powers consolidated their dominance while new players emerged.
This shift shaped much of the 20th century's political, cultural, and economic landscape.

#The Collapse of Empires

#Ottoman Empire 🇹🇷

Decline: Faced internal and external pressures, leading to reforms and eventual collapse.
Tanzimat Reforms: Attempted modernization and westernization, including:
- Abolition of the slave trade
- New legal code based on European models
- Centralized bureaucracy

Common Mistake

Reforms were not universally accepted and didn't address corruption and economic issues.

Young Turks: Launched a revolution in 1908, seeking further reforms and a more representative government.
End of Empire: Formally dissolved after World War I, becoming Turkey in the 1920s.

Caption: The Young Turks, key figures in the push for reform in the Ottoman Empire.

#Qing China 🇨🇳

Challenges: Faced internal struggles and foreign imperialism.
Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s): Attempted to modernize through:
- Modern factories
- Railroad construction
- Western-style education and military training

Common Mistake

Reforms were not effective due to government resistance and internal conflict.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): Massive civil war that weakened the Qing Dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): Anti-foreign uprising, further weakening the dynasty.

Caption: The Boxer Rebellion, a key event in the decline of the Qing Dynasty.
1911 Revolution: Overthrew the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Republic of China.
End of Empire: Marked the end of over 2000 years of imperial rule in China.

Key Concept

The fall of the Qing Dynasty paved the way for the rise of the Communist Party under Mao Zedong.

#Russian Empire 🇷🇺

Industrialization: Attempted to modernize, but faced political instability, economic mismanagement, and social unrest.
Russo-Japanese War: Crushing defeat exposed Russia's weaknesses.
1905 Revolution: Weakened the empire and led to the establishment of the Duma (parliament).
1917 Revolution: Overthrew the Russian Empire, leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union.

Key Concept

The Russian Revolution had a significant impact on the global balance of power.

Memory Aid

Tanzimat (Ottoman) and Self-Strengthening (Qing) both tried to Transform their empires, but faced internal Struggles. Think TS for the two reform movements.

#Activity 1: From Empire to Nation

Activity 1: From Empire to Nation	Match the former empire to its 20th century counterpart
Soviet Union Mughal Empire Qing Dynasty Ottoman Empire	a) China b) Russia c) Turkey d) India

#ANSWERS - Activity 1: From Empire to Nation

(1) Soviet Union --- B. Russia

(2) Mughal Empire --- D. India

(3) Qing Dynasty --- A. China

(4) Ottoman Empire --- C. Turkey

#Final Exam Focus

#High-Value Topics

Imperialism and its Impact: Focus on the causes, methods, and consequences of imperialism in different regions.
Revolutions: Understand the causes, key events, and long-term effects of major revolutions (e.g., Russian, Chinese).
Industrialization: Analyze its impact on society, economy, and global power dynamics.
Nationalism: Explore how nationalism shaped political movements and conflicts.

#Common Question Types

Exam Tip

Multiple Choice: Focus on specific events, dates, and key figures. Pay attention to the wording of questions and eliminate incorrect answers.
Short Answer Questions (SAQs): Practice providing concise answers with specific evidence. Use the ACE (Answer, Cite, Explain) method.
Long Essay Questions (LEQs): Develop a strong thesis statement and support it with well-organized evidence. Understand different historical thinking skills (e.g., causation, comparison).
Document-Based Questions (DBQs): Analyze documents effectively, identify point of view, and use evidence to support your argument.

#Last-Minute Tips

Exam Tip

Time Management: Pace yourself, don't spend too long on one question. Move on and come back if you get stuck.
Read Carefully: Pay close attention to the instructions and the wording of each question.
Use Evidence: Always support your answers with specific historical evidence.
Stay Calm: Take deep breaths, trust your preparation, and remember you've got this! 🧘‍♀️

#Common Pitfalls

Common Mistake

Vague Answers: Avoid generalizations. Provide specific details and examples.
Ignoring the Prompt: Make sure you understand what the question is asking before you start writing.
Lack of Analysis: Don't just describe events; analyze their significance and impact.

#Practice Questions

Practice Question

#Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following best describes a major effect of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire? (A) A significant increase in religious fundamentalism (B) A strengthening of the sultan's absolute power (C) An expansion of the empire's territory (D) An attempt to modernize and westernize the empire
The Self-Strengthening Movement in China during the late 19th century aimed primarily to: (A) Promote communist ideology (B) Restore the traditional examination system (C) Industrialize and modernize the military (D) Establish a democratic government
Which of the following was a major consequence of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)? (A) The strengthening of the Russian Empire's international prestige (B) The rise of Japan as a major global power (C) The end of the Qing Dynasty in China (D) The establishment of a communist government in Russia

#Short Answer Question

Explain ONE way in which the Tanzimat Reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement were similar, and ONE way in which they were different.

#Free Response Question

Prompt: Analyze the factors that led to the decline of TWO of the following land-based empires in the period 1750-1914: the Ottoman Empire, the Qing Dynasty, and the Russian Empire.

Scoring Breakdown

Thesis (1 point): Presents a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
Contextualization (1 point): Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
Evidence (2 points): Provides specific examples of evidence relevant to the topic. Supports an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of historical evidence.
Analysis and Reasoning (2 points): Explains how or why the evidence supports the thesis. Uses historical reasoning skills (e.g., causation, comparison) to frame or structure an argument.
Complexity (1 point): Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate or qualify an argument.