#AP World History: Modern - Conflict & Resistance 🌍

Hey there, future AP World History master! Let's get you prepped for exam day with a super-focused review of conflict and resistance in the modern era. We're going to break this down, make it memorable, and get you feeling confident. Let's do this! 💪

#⚔️ The Era of Conflict: A Quick Overview

While the 20th century was marked by significant conflict, it's also important to remember that many individuals and groups actively opposed violence. However, some figures and movements did intensify conflicts. Let's dive in!

#🔥 Intensified Conflict Responses

#Ruthless Dictators 👿

These leaders used violence and oppression to maintain power:

• Francisco Franco (Spain) 🇪🇸: Ruled 1936-1975. Killed thousands of political opponents, especially Catalans and Basques. Only Catholicism was allowed. Think Franco = Fear 😨

• Idi Amin (Uganda) 🇺🇬: Ruled 1971-1979. Expanded the military and used it to persecute tribes like the Acholi and Lango. Expelled thousands of Asians and confiscated their property. Remember Amin = Atrocity 💔

• Augusto Pinochet (Chile) 🇨🇱: Ruled 1974-1990. Reversed land reform policies, killed thousands of opponents, and committed human rights abuses. Think Pinochet = Pain 🤕

#Military-Industrial Conflict and Weapons Trading 🏭 💣

• Increased arms trading led to more conflict, not peace. 💡 This is a key example of a negative feedback loop.
• Militarized states often responded to conflicts in ways that further intensified them.

#💥 Violent Movements

#Shining Path (Peru) 🇵🇪

• Maoist guerrilla group led by Abimael Guzmán. Fought a violent insurgency from the 1980s to the late 1990s.
• Aimed to overthrow the government and establish a communist state. Drew support from rural peasants.
• Used brutal tactics like bombings and assassinations.

#Al-Qaeda ☪️

• Founded by Osama bin Laden. A terrorist organization of Islamic extremists and Salafist Jihadists.
• Originally formed to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.
• Later targeted the U.S. for supporting governments like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. 😠
• Responsible for the 9/11 attacks and attacks on American embassies.

#☮️ Nonviolent Protest

#Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (India) 🇮🇳

• Leader of the Indian nationalist movement. Popularized nonviolent protest (civil disobedience).
• Believed violence perpetuated injustice; nonviolence was more effective. 💡
• Led hunger strikes, boycotts, and peaceful protests, most famously the Salt March.

#Martin Luther King, Jr. (USA) 🇺🇸

• Inspired by Gandhi. Campaigned against segregation in the U.S. in the 1950s and 60s.
• Used nonviolent protests like sit-ins, marches, and boycotts.
• Emphasized the anger of racist whites to draw attention to the cause.

#Nelson Mandela (South Africa) 🇿🇦

• Anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader. Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. * Key figure in the fight against apartheid (institutionalized racial segregation).
• Member of the African National Congress (ANC).
• Imprisoned for 27 years, became a symbol of the struggle against apartheid.
• Negotiated an end to apartheid and a peaceful transition to democracy.

Nonviolent resistance is a HUGE topic on the AP exam. Be ready to discuss its effectiveness, its limitations, and its impact on various movements.

#Source: Freemanpedia

#🎮 Review Game

Match each term to its category:

CATEGORIES:

• Peaceful resistance against established power structures
• Violent resistance against established power structures
• Power structures that utilized violence and incited resistance

TERMS:

• Pinochet in Chile
• MLK in America
• Al-Qaeda
• Franco in Spain
• Military-industrial complex and weapons trading
• Mandela in South Africa
• Palestinian Liberation Front
• Amin in Uganda
• Gandhi in India
• Shining Path in Peru

#Answers

#🎯 Final Exam Focus

• Key Themes: Nationalism, imperialism, human rights, conflict, resistance, political ideologies.
• Highest Priority: Nonviolent resistance (Gandhi, MLK, Mandela), causes and consequences of 20th-century conflicts, methods of dictators, and the impact of technology on warfare.
• Common Question Types:
  • Compare and contrast different forms of resistance.
  • Analyze the causes and consequences of specific conflicts.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of protest.
  • Connect historical events to broader global trends.

#📝 Practice Questions

Practice Question

#Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following best describes a major difference between the leadership of Nelson Mandela and the leadership of Augusto Pinochet? (A) Mandela promoted nonviolent resistance, while Pinochet used violence and oppression. (B) Mandela was a communist, while Pinochet was a capitalist. (C) Mandela was a military leader, while Pinochet was a political leader. (D) Mandela supported apartheid, while Pinochet opposed it.

2. The Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi is an example of which of the following? (A) Violent revolution (B) Military conquest (C) Civil disobedience (D) Economic reform

3. Which of the following was a primary goal of Al-Qaeda? (A) To promote global peace and understanding (B) To establish a communist state (C) To fight against the Soviet Union (D) To target the United States and its allies

#Free Response Question (FRQ)

Prompt: Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by two of the following leaders in their respective struggles for political change: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela.

Point-by-Point Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (1 point): A clear, historically defensible thesis that addresses the similarities and differences in the methods used by two of the leaders. For example: "While both Gandhi and King employed nonviolent resistance, they did so in different contexts and with different specific tactics, while Mandela, although initially opting for armed resistance, later embraced nonviolent methods."
• Evidence (2 points): Provides specific historical evidence to support the argument.
  • Gandhi: Salt March, hunger strikes, boycotts, emphasis on nonviolent civil disobedience.
  • King: Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, emphasis on nonviolent civil disobedience.
  • Mandela: Initially involved in armed resistance, later focused on negotiation and reconciliation, role in ending apartheid.
• Analysis (2 points): Analyzes the significance of the similarities and differences, explaining the context and impact of their methods.
  • Discuss the influence of Gandhi on King's methods.
  • Explain the role of apartheid in shaping Mandela's approach.
  • Analyze the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance in different contexts.
• Complexity (1 point): Demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the topic by considering multiple perspectives or complexities.
  • Discuss the limitations of nonviolent resistance.
  • Acknowledge the challenges faced by each leader.
  • Connect the struggles to broader themes of human rights and social justice.

Okay, you've got this! Remember to stay calm, think critically, and use all the tools you've learned. You're going to rock this exam! 🚀