Before: More laissez-faire, colonial exploitation. After: More regulated, rise of emerging economies.

Before: More traditional forms. After: Conceptual art, digital media, globalization of influences.

Before: Limited reach, slower mobilization. After: Rapid spread, global reach, instant mobilization.

WWI: Reshaped Europe, rise of new ideologies. WWII: Rise of US and USSR, global power shifts.

US: Dominant economic power, consumer-driven. China: Emerging economic power, state-led development.

Colonialism: Exploitation, political control. Decolonization: Independence, new nations, ongoing challenges.

Before: Strong influence on daily life, cultural norms. After: Continued influence, but challenged by secularism and globalization.

Before: Less pollution, lower resource consumption. After: Increased pollution, climate change, resource depletion.

Nonviolent: Moral high ground, long-term change. Violent: Immediate impact, potential for instability.

Before: Limited communication, slower information access. After: Instant communication, global information access.

Aspects of the past that remain consistent over time, despite changes.

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through flows of goods, services, capital, information, and people.

An economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

A significant increase in agricultural production due to new technologies and crop varieties.

Processes that transcend national boundaries, often referring to the interconnectedness of people and ideas across borders.

The ability of individuals to move between different social classes or levels in a society.

A system of racial segregation and discrimination that was enforced in South Africa.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

The process by which colonies become independent from the colonizing nation.

A period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, without direct military conflict.

A global conflict (1939-1945) that led to significant political, social, and economic changes, including the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers.

A global conflict (1914-1918) that reshaped the political landscape of Europe and led to the rise of new ideologies and nations.

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Marked the end of a system of racial segregation and discrimination, leading to a more inclusive and democratic society.

A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for achievements in space exploration during the Cold War.

A period of increased agricultural productivity due to new technologies and crop varieties, particularly in developing countries.

Expanded global connectivity, boosting tourism and trade, but also increased pollution and fuel consumption.

Revolutionized communication, information access, and social interaction, leading to increased globalization and new forms of social activism.

Led to the independence of many former colonies, reshaping the global political map and leading to new nations with diverse challenges.

Shaped global politics, led to proxy wars, and influenced technological and military developments, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union.