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Compare pre-industrial and industrial labor.
Pre-industrial labor was primarily agricultural and home-based, with diverse skills. Industrial labor was centralized in factories, with specialized tasks and dependence on the factory system.
Compare the economic systems of mercantilism and capitalism.
Mercantilism emphasizes government control and accumulation of wealth through trade surpluses. Capitalism focuses on free markets, private property, and individual initiative.
Compare the social structures before and after the Industrial Revolution.
Before: Primarily agrarian with a rigid class structure. After: Emergence of new classes (middle and working), urbanization, and altered social hierarchies.
Compare the roles of waterways and railroads in industrial transportation.
Waterways provided initial power and transport, while railroads enabled faster and more extensive transport of goods and people, further fueling industrial growth.
Compare the impacts of the cotton gin and the power loom.
The cotton gin increased the supply of cotton, while the power loom increased the speed of weaving, both revolutionizing textile production.
Compare the effects of the Enclosure Acts and urbanization.
The Enclosure Acts displaced rural populations, while urbanization concentrated them in cities, both contributing to the growth of the industrial workforce.
Compare the working conditions of guild craftsmen and factory workers.
Guild craftsmen had broad skills and control over their work, while factory workers faced harsh conditions, long hours, and repetitive tasks.
Compare the environmental impacts of pre-industrial and industrial societies.
Pre-industrial societies had localized environmental impacts, while industrial societies caused widespread pollution, resource depletion, and ecological changes.
Compare the roles of Great Britain and other European nations in the Industrial Revolution.
Great Britain led the way due to its unique combination of factors, while other European nations followed, adapting and innovating based on their own resources and conditions.
Compare the social effects of the Industrial Revolution on different classes.
The middle class experienced increased wealth and status, while the working class faced harsh conditions and exploitation, leading to social inequalities and tensions.
What was the contribution of entrepreneurs?
Entrepreneurs invested in new technologies and factories, driving industrial growth and creating new businesses.
Define Industrial Revolution.
A period of major technological, transportation, and manufacturing advancements (c. 1750-1900) that shifted production from homes to factories.
What is a steam engine?
A machine that uses steam power to perform mechanical work, crucial for powering factories and machines during the Industrial Revolution.
What is a cotton gin?
A machine that separates cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing textile production.
What is a power loom?
A mechanized loom powered by steam or water, greatly increasing the speed and efficiency of weaving cloth.
Define crop rotation.
The practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and increase agricultural output.
What is a seed drill?
A device that sows seeds at equal distances and proper depth, boosting agricultural productivity.
What is the Enclosure Act?
A series of laws in England that consolidated land ownership, restricting common land use and pushing people towards cities.
Define urbanization.
The process of population shift from rural areas to urban centers, driven by the concentration of factories and jobs in cities.
What is specialization of labor?
The division of work into specific tasks, where workers focus on a single part of the production process, increasing efficiency.
What is an assembly line?
A manufacturing process where parts are added sequentially to create a finished product, maximizing production efficiency.