Pre-industrial labor was primarily agricultural and home-based, with diverse skills. Industrial labor was centralized in factories, with specialized tasks and dependence on the factory system.

Mercantilism emphasizes government control and accumulation of wealth through trade surpluses. Capitalism focuses on free markets, private property, and individual initiative.

Before: Primarily agrarian with a rigid class structure. After: Emergence of new classes (middle and working), urbanization, and altered social hierarchies.

Waterways provided initial power and transport, while railroads enabled faster and more extensive transport of goods and people, further fueling industrial growth.

The cotton gin increased the supply of cotton, while the power loom increased the speed of weaving, both revolutionizing textile production.

The Enclosure Acts displaced rural populations, while urbanization concentrated them in cities, both contributing to the growth of the industrial workforce.

Guild craftsmen had broad skills and control over their work, while factory workers faced harsh conditions, long hours, and repetitive tasks.

Pre-industrial societies had localized environmental impacts, while industrial societies caused widespread pollution, resource depletion, and ecological changes.

Great Britain led the way due to its unique combination of factors, while other European nations followed, adapting and innovating based on their own resources and conditions.

The middle class experienced increased wealth and status, while the working class faced harsh conditions and exploitation, leading to social inequalities and tensions.

A period of major technological, transportation, and manufacturing advancements (c. 1750-1900) that shifted production from homes to factories.

A machine that uses steam power to perform mechanical work, crucial for powering factories and machines during the Industrial Revolution.

A machine that separates cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing textile production.

A mechanized loom powered by steam or water, greatly increasing the speed and efficiency of weaving cloth.

The practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and increase agricultural output.

A device that sows seeds at equal distances and proper depth, boosting agricultural productivity.

A series of laws in England that consolidated land ownership, restricting common land use and pushing people towards cities.

The process of population shift from rural areas to urban centers, driven by the concentration of factories and jobs in cities.

The division of work into specific tasks, where workers focus on a single part of the production process, increasing efficiency.

A manufacturing process where parts are added sequentially to create a finished product, maximizing production efficiency.

Approximately 1750-1900.

Restricted land ownership in rural areas, pushing people to cities and providing a labor force for factories.

Coal powered steam engines, boosting production and lowering costs, enabling factories to operate efficiently.

Cities grew rapidly as people moved for factory jobs, leading to new social and economic challenges.

Revolutionized textile production by efficiently separating cotton fibers from seeds, leading to a boom in the textile industry.

It centralized production, increased efficiency through specialization of labor, and altered living and working conditions.

Colonies provided raw materials and new markets for industrialized nations, fueling further industrial growth.

It improved soil health and increased agricultural output, supporting growing populations and providing labor for factories.

It maximized production efficiency by dividing work into specific tasks, leading to mass production and lower costs.

Supported growing populations by providing more food, which allowed more people to move to cities and work in factories.