Revolutions (1750-1900)

Immediate improvement of living conditions for all social classes.

Decline of rural settlements entirely.

Decrease in overall population due to disease spread.

Increase in urban populations.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe

The French Revolution

The Latin American revolutions for independence

The American Revolution

No social classes would emerge from industrialization.

There would've been no technological innovations in this era.

Factory owners wouldn't make significant profits.

Progress might've slowed due to decreased workforce and increased costs.

It resulted in a decline of child labor as mechanization reduced the need for manual workforces.

It reinforced the traditional feudal hierarchy by increasing land ownership among nobility.

It led to the expansion of the middle class due to increased opportunities in commerce and industry.

It diminished the role of urban areas as rural life became more economically significant.

An increase in agrarian societies

The rise of a larger middle class.

Decrease in working-class population.

Expansion of monarchy rule

The global spread of industrialization may have been limited to regions with alternative power sources.

The development of industries reliant on steam power would have been significantly delayed or altered.

The transition from agrarian to industrial societies would have been slower and less impactful.

Alternative sources of power would have been developed and utilized earlier in industrial processes.

Railroads had minimal effect on social hierarchies since they were used mainly for freight transport rather than passenger services affecting population movements.

They eliminated social classes entirely as access to transportation created a homogenized working society focused on industry jobs only.

They provided mobility, enabling migration that changed class structures by creating new economic opportunities away from aristocratic landholdings.

Railroads reinforced existing social hierarchies by primarily serving wealthy citizens who could afford travel expenses for business or leisure.

They became sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods, helping to fuel metropolitan industrial expansion.

They closed their economies to foreign influence and adopted protectionist policies to promote local industrial development.

They evolved into economically independent centers rivaling their colonizers due to the transfer of technology and education.

Their political status improved significantly as they became integral parts of the governing structures of metropolitan states.

They facilitated migration for work, altering demographics and social structures globally.

They solely reduced reliance on human and animal labor reducing employment opportunities worldwide.

They enabled urban workers' return to rural areas strengthening agrarian lifestyles.

They had minimal impact as most non-European societies retained pre-industrial transport methods until late into the twentieth century.

Steam-powered ships

Cotton gins

Telegraph systems

Railroads