Industrialization's Impact (1750-1900)
How did the Ottoman sultans maintain control over their diverse empire consisting of various ethnic and religious groups?
By relocating large populations to break up potential rebellious regions.
By mandating intermarriage between different ethnic groups to foster loyalty.
By imposing uniform legal systems throughout all provinces without exception.
Through a system of local autonomy under millets and devshirme recruitment for Janissaries.
In what way did the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan attempt to maintain stability and prevent external influences during its rule from the early-17th century until mid-19th century?
Imposing sakoku (closed country policy) limiting foreign interactions and trade exclusively through Dejima island with Dutch traders.
Establishing colonies overseas in order to spread Shinto beliefs parallelly adapting Western technology aggressively within its territories.
Encouraging Christianity among Japanese citizens as a means for Western cultural assimilation.
Expanding foreign trade relations with multiple European powers to increase wealth distribution among daimyos (feudal lords).
Which empire is most associated with the use of a bureaucratic system that included civil service exams to create an effective governance structure?
The Ottoman Empire.
The Russian Empire.
The Chinese Empire.
The Mughal Empire.
Which of the following best illustrates patterns of resistance against European imperialism in the 19th century?
The formation of foreign alliances between non-European states aimed at balancing European imperialist powers.
The unconditional acceptance of foreign cultural norms by populations to appease colonizing administrations.
The rise and spread of nationalist movements such as the Indian Revolt (1857) or the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan.
Implementation of tariff barriers to increase local economic autonomy within colonized regions.
How did the Enlightenment philosophy influence political structures in the 18th century?
It encouraged the establishment of constitutional governments that emphasized individual rights.
It promoted absolute monarchies grounded in divine right theory.
It led to the reinforcement of traditional feudal systems with a rigid class hierarchy.
It caused a widespread return to theocratic governance based on religious doctrines.
What was a common feature of both feudal European and Japanese societies?
Democratic election of leaders by citizens
Centralized religious control over governance
A system where landowners exchanged protection for service
Equal distribution of wealth among all classes
What environmental challenge contributed to the decline of both the Mayan and Khmer Empires?
Prolonged drought conditions affecting agriculture.
Extreme cold spells leading to crop failures.
Frequent floods disrupting urban centers and trade routes.
Uncontrollable wildfires destroying settlements.

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What was a significant economic consequence of the development of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution?
Increased factory production speeds.
Decrease in urban population densities.
Expansion of feudal landholding systems.
Reduction in Atlantic slave trade.
What impact did Nelson Mandela have on South African politics that can be seen as reflective of late-20th-century global struggles against systemic oppression?
Maintaining status quo racial hierarchies favoring minority white populations economically.
Prioritizing rapid modernization of urban centers at the expense of rural tribal communities.
Advocating an end to apartheid policies through both legal challenges & organized protests.
Engaging in direct military action to secure equal rights for the disenfranchised black population.
How did the introduction of new crops from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia primarily affect populations during the Columbian Exchange?
It caused widespread famine as native crops were replaced.
It led to a decline in urbanization as people returned to agrarian lifestyles.
It resulted in economic depression due to market saturation by new crops.
It contributed to population growth due to increased food variety and nutrition.