Industrialization's Impact (1750-1900)
How did the Ottoman sultans maintain control over their diverse empire consisting of various ethnic and religious groups?
By relocating large populations to break up potential rebellious regions.
By mandating intermarriage between different ethnic groups to foster loyalty.
By imposing uniform legal systems throughout all provinces without exception.
Through a system of local autonomy under millets and devshirme recruitment for Janissaries.
In what way did the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan attempt to maintain stability and prevent external influences during its rule from the early-17th century until mid-19th century?
Imposing sakoku (closed country policy) limiting foreign interactions and trade exclusively through Dejima island with Dutch traders.
Establishing colonies overseas in order to spread Shinto beliefs parallelly adapting Western technology aggressively within its territories.
Encouraging Christianity among Japanese citizens as a means for Western cultural assimilation.
Expanding foreign trade relations with multiple European powers to increase wealth distribution among daimyos (feudal lords).
Which empire is most associated with the use of a bureaucratic system that included civil service exams to create an effective governance structure?
The Ottoman Empire.
The Russian Empire.
The Chinese Empire.
The Mughal Empire.
Which of the following best illustrates patterns of resistance against European imperialism in the 19th century?
The formation of foreign alliances between non-European states aimed at balancing European imperialist powers.
The unconditional acceptance of foreign cultural norms by populations to appease colonizing administrations.
The rise and spread of nationalist movements such as the Indian Revolt (1857) or the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan.
Implementation of tariff barriers to increase local economic autonomy within colonized regions.
What was a critical consequence of industrial technologies spreading globally during the late nineteenth century?
Diverging levels of industrial development created imbalances in power among countries, leading to imperialistic policies.
There was a universal decrease in agricultural production as nations shifted focus entirely onto manufacturing industries.
Global life expectancy rates uniformly decreased due largely to environmental damage related directly with industry expansion.
All countries equally benefitted economically which resulted in reduced conflicts over access to resources internationally.
Mercantilism, an economic policy adopted by European powers during the age of exploration, primarily sought to do what?
Reduce national debt through strict austerity measures imposed on colonies.
Accumulate wealth through trade surplus and stockpiling precious metals.
Encourage industrialization by subsidizing new technologies and factories.
Promote free trade between countries without any governmental interventions.
What was an underlying factor that facilitated both the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe and the growth of Islamic empires such as the Ottomans?
Increases in trans-Saharan trade routes.
Rise of absolutist monarchies.
Printing technology advancements.
Decline of Mongol rule over Eurasia.

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How did the Enlightenment philosophy influence political structures in the 18th century?
It encouraged the establishment of constitutional governments that emphasized individual rights.
It promoted absolute monarchies grounded in divine right theory.
It led to the reinforcement of traditional feudal systems with a rigid class hierarchy.
It caused a widespread return to theocratic governance based on religious doctrines.
What impact did Nelson Mandela have on South African politics that can be seen as reflective of late-20th-century global struggles against systemic oppression?
Maintaining status quo racial hierarchies favoring minority white populations economically.
Prioritizing rapid modernization of urban centers at the expense of rural tribal communities.
Advocating an end to apartheid policies through both legal challenges & organized protests.
Engaging in direct military action to secure equal rights for the disenfranchised black population.
How did the introduction of new crops from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia primarily affect populations during the Columbian Exchange?
It caused widespread famine as native crops were replaced.
It led to a decline in urbanization as people returned to agrarian lifestyles.
It resulted in economic depression due to market saturation by new crops.
It contributed to population growth due to increased food variety and nutrition.