Nationalism and Revolutions from 1750-1900

#Enlightenment & Revolutions: A Night-Before Review 🚀

Hey! Let's get you prepped for this exam. We're gonna break down these revolutions and make sure you're feeling confident and ready. Remember, you got this! 💪

#💡 The Spark: Enlightenment Ideas

#💥 Revolutions: Challenging the Old Order (1750-1900)

#🇺🇸 American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Cause: British taxes without colonial representation ("No Taxation without Representation!") after the Seven Years' War. 💰
• Key Document: Declaration of Independence – heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals, listing grievances against the British monarchy.
• Outcome: American colonies win independence with French help, establishing a constitutional republic. Monarchy is out!

#🇳🇿 New Zealand Wars (1845-1872)

• Context: British imperialism and industrialization led to the annexation of New Zealand. 🌏
• Conflict: Maori tribes, unified by shared territory and culture, resisted British control.
• Outcome: Despite strong resistance, the Maori were ultimately defeated by British industrial power. This shows the impact of industrialization on imperial expansion.

#🇫🇷 French Revolution (1789-1799)

• Cause: Debt from the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution, plus social inequality (Estates General).
• Key Events:
  • Formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate. ✊
  • Storming of the Bastille – a symbol of royal authority.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – based on Enlightenment principles.
  • Reign of Terror – a period of radical violence and executions. 🔪
• Key Figure: Napoleon Bonaparte – brought order but also crowned himself emperor, ending the revolution.
• Outcome: Abolition of feudalism, but also a period of instability and ultimately, Napoleonic rule.

#🇭🇹 Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

• Unique: The ONLY successful slave revolt in history! 🔥
• Leader: Toussaint L'Ouverture led enslaved people against French rule.
• Outcome: Haiti became the first black-led republic in the Western Hemisphere, redistributing land to the formerly enslaved.

#🌎 Latin American Creole Revolutions (1800s-1830s)

• Cause: Creole frustration with Spanish rule (Peninsulares favored), mercantilism, and social hierarchy.
• Key Figure: Simon Bolivar – led independence movements across South America. ⚔️
• Key Document: Jamaica Letter – Bolivar's call for independence and unity.
• Outcome: Creation of many independent nations, but with continued oppression of Indigenous people and women.

#🇵🇷🇨🇺 Puerto Rico & Cuba (Late 1800s)

• Context: Spain's declining empire.
• Key Figure: Lola Rodriguez de Tio – poet who inspired revolution against Spanish rule.
• Outcome: Independence from Spain, but the U.S. exerted its own influence (Guantanamo Bay).

#🤝 Nationalism: Unifying & Dividing

#🇮🇹 Italian Unification (1815-1871)

• Cause: Nationalism – a desire for a unified Italian nation.
• Key Figure: Count di Cavour – used Realpolitik (practical politics) to unify Italy.
• Key Players: Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi also played crucial roles.
• Outcome: Creation of a unified Italy, ending centuries of division.

#🇩🇪 German Unification (1815-1871)

• Cause: Nationalism and Realpolitik.
• Key Figure: Otto von Bismarck – used wars and political maneuvering to unify Germany.
• Outcome: Creation of a unified German Empire, a major power in Europe.

# 💥 Balkan Nationalism

• Context: Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
• Cause: Nationalism among diverse ethnic groups within the Ottoman Empire.
• Outcome: Independence movements in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania.

#🎯 Final Exam Focus

• High-Priority Topics:
  • Enlightenment ideas and their influence on revolutions.
  • Causes and effects of the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions.
  • The role of nationalism in unification (Italy, Germany) and division (Balkans).
  • The impact of industrialization on imperialism and revolution.
• Common Question Types:
  • Multiple-choice questions focusing on key events, figures, and documents.
  • Short-answer questions (SAQs) requiring analysis of primary and secondary sources.
  • Long-essay questions (LEQs) and Document-based questions (DBQs) that ask you to compare and contrast revolutions, analyze causes and effects, and evaluate the impact of Enlightenment ideas.
• Last-Minute Tips:
  • Time Management: Practice pacing yourself on multiple-choice questions. Don't spend too long on any single question. For essays, outline first!
  • Common Pitfalls: Avoid vague generalizations. Be specific with your evidence. Don't confuse different revolutions. Pay attention to the nuances of each conflict.
  • Strategies: Read the question carefully. Identify the task (compare, contrast, analyze). Use your knowledge of historical context to support your arguments. Connect different units and themes.

#

Practice Question

📝 Practice Questions

#Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following BEST describes a major cause of the French Revolution? (A) The successful example of the American Revolution (B) The failure of the French monarchy to address social and economic problems (C) The spread of communist ideology among the French peasantry (D) The invasion of France by neighboring European powers

2. The Haitian Revolution is significant in the history of the Americas because it was the only successful: (A) Creole revolt against European colonial rule (B) Slave revolt that led to the establishment of an independent nation (C) Revolution that was directly inspired by the French Revolution (D) Movement that led to the complete abolition of slavery in the Western Hemisphere

3. Which of the following best explains the role of nationalism in both Italian and German unification? (A) It was a divisive force that led to the collapse of both empires (B) It was a unifying force that helped create new nations (C) It was a minor factor that played no significant role (D) It was primarily a religious movement

#Short Answer Question

1. Briefly explain ONE way in which the Enlightenment influenced the American Revolution. Then, briefly explain ONE way in which the American Revolution influenced the French Revolution.

#Free Response Question

Analyze the extent to which the Enlightenment influenced revolutionary movements in the period 1750-1900. In your response, be sure to:

• Develop a thesis or main argument that addresses the prompt.
• Support your argument with specific evidence.
• Analyze the relationship between the Enlightenment and at least THREE different revolutionary movements.
• Consider diverse perspectives and historical context.

FRQ Scoring Breakdown:

• Thesis (1 point): A clear, historically defensible thesis statement that addresses the prompt.
• Evidence (2 points): Provides specific examples and evidence to support the thesis. (1 point for 2 examples, 2 points for 3+ examples)
• Analysis (2 points): Analyzes the relationship between the Enlightenment and at least three different revolutionary movements. (1 point for 2 examples, 2 points for 3+ examples)
• Contextualization (1 point): Connects the topic to broader historical processes and developments.
• Complexity (1 point): Demonstrates nuanced understanding of the topic by addressing multiple perspectives, or by qualifying the extent of the Enlightenment's influence.

Okay, you've got this! Take a deep breath, review these notes one more time, and go crush that exam! You're ready! 🌟