# AP World History: Modern - Night Before Review Hey! Let's get you feeling confident for tomorrow. We're going to break down the big stuff, make it stick, and get you ready to ace this exam! Let's dive in! ## 🚀 Science and Technology: The Great Accelerators > "Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine." ### Physics: Unlocking the Universe ⚛️ * **Quantum mechanics** and **relativity**: Changed how we see the universe, matter, and energy. Think of it as going from 'Newton's apple' to 'Einstein's mind-bending cosmos.' * **Nuclear physics**: Led to nuclear energy and, unfortunately, the atomic bomb. 💡 A major turning point in history and warfare. ### Biology: The Code of Life 🧬 * **DNA structure**: Revolutionized medicine with genetic engineering, new disease treatments, and the ability to modify plants and animals. ### Communication: Connecting the World 📡 * **Radio**: Allowed for mass communication, news, music, and emergency broadcasts. A huge leap in information sharing. * **Television**: Added visual communication, shaping public opinion and influencing social issues. Think of it as the 'radio with pictures'. ### Transportation: Speeding Things Up ✈️ * **Airplanes and automobiles**: Dramatically increased the speed of travel and trade. The world got a whole lot smaller. * **Jet engine**: Made commercial travel faster and more convenient. Imagine going from propeller planes to jets in a few decades! ### Industry: Mass Production 🏭 * **Assembly line and automation**: Increased production and reduced costs, leading to mass-produced consumer goods. ### Agriculture: Feeding the Masses 🚜 * **Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanization**: Boosted crop yields and made farming more efficient. This allowed for larger populations. ### Medicine: Fighting Disease ⚕️ * **Antibiotics, vaccines, and diagnostic imaging**: Revolutionized disease treatment and prevention, leading to increased life expectancy. The rapid pace of technological change had a profound impact on all aspects of life, from warfare to daily routines. These changes are interconnected and often led to further innovations. **Multiple Choice Questions** 1. The development of the assembly line in the early 20th century is most closely associated with which of the following? (A) Increased agricultural output (B) Mass production of consumer goods (C) Improved medical treatments (D) Enhanced communication technologies 2. Which of the following best describes the impact of the discovery of the structure of DNA? (A) It led to the development of nuclear weapons. (B) It revolutionized the field of medicine and genetic engineering. (C) It improved the efficiency of agricultural practices. (D) It enhanced global communication networks. **Free Response Question** Analyze the ways in which technological advancements in the period 1900-present have transformed global interactions. **Scoring Breakdown** * **Thesis (1 point):** Presents a historically defensible thesis that establishes a line of reasoning about the ways in which technological advancements transformed global interactions. * **Evidence (2 points):** Provides specific examples of technological advancements (e.g., the internet, jet travel, nuclear weapons) and explains how they transformed global interactions (e.g., increased trade, faster communication, new forms of warfare). * **Analysis and Reasoning (2 points):** Analyzes the ways in which these technological advancements led to changes in global interactions, such as increased globalization, new forms of conflict, and shifts in economic power. * **Complexity (1 point):** Demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the topic by considering multiple perspectives or acknowledging the limitations of the evidence or analysis. ## 🌍 Political and Social Order: Shifting Sands > "Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts." ### Balance of Power: The Great Game ⚖️ * **Post-WWI**: The US rose to power, but the Great Depression hit hard, and Japan dominated in Asia. * **Post-WWII**: The US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, leading to the Cold War. 💡 The world went from a multi-polar to a bi-polar system. ### End of Empires: The Fall of Giants 🏰 * **Weakened European powers**: WWI and WWII drained their resources, making them unable to maintain colonies. * **Rise of anti-colonial movements**: Nationalist movements fought for independence, leading to decolonization. Think of Gandhi leading India to freedom. * **Technological advancements**: Made traditional empires with castles and primitive guns obsolete. * **Decolonization**: The disastrous transfer of power after WWI and the spread of self-determination led to strong nationalist sentiments. Examples include India, China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and various African states. Remember the big empires that fell: Ottoman, Qing, and Russian. They couldn't keep up with the changing times. ### Forms of Government: New Ways to Rule 🏛️ * **New ideologies**: The failure of capitalism after WWI led to the rise of fascism, socialism/communism, and Keynesian economics. | **Form of Government** | **Description** | **Examples** | | :----------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **Democracies** | Power held by the people through elected representatives; economic policies adhere to Keynesian economics. | United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and many European nations | | **Socialism/Communism** | State ownership of the means of production and central planning of the economy. | the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and Vietnam | | **Fascism/Nazism** | Based on authoritarianism, nationalism, and totalitarianism. | Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal | | **Monarchies** | Power held by a king or queen, who typically holds the position for life. | the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Japan | | **Military Dictatorships** | Authoritarian rule by military officials. | Egypt, Argentina, Indonesia | | **Theocratic States** | Ruled by religious leaders, such as Imams or Popes. | Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Vatican City | Remember **"D-S-F-M-M-T"** for the different forms of government: **D**emocracies, **S**ocialism/Communism, **F**ascism, **M**onarchies, **M**ilitary Dictatorships, **T**heocratic States. Pay close attention to the causes and effects of decolonization. It's a major theme in this period and often shows up in FRQs and MCQs. **Multiple Choice Questions** 1. Which of the following best describes a major consequence of World War II on the global balance of power? (A) The rise of European colonial empires (B) The emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers (C) The strengthening of the League of Nations (D) The decline of industrialization in Asia 2. Which of the following was a significant factor contributing to the collapse of European empires after World War II? (A) The rise of fascism in Europe (B) The economic prosperity of European nations (C) The rise of anti-colonial movements (D) The expansion of the United Nations **Short Answer Question** Briefly explain how the end of World War II led to the rise of new forms of government and political ideologies. Provide at least two specific examples. ## 🎯 Final Exam Focus ### Top Priority Topics: * **Technological Advancements**: Understand how they drove changes in warfare, communication, and daily life. Connect them to other units. * **Decolonization**: Know the causes, key events, and impacts. This is a big one! 🔑 * **The Rise of New Ideologies**: Be familiar with fascism, communism, and their effects. * **Global Conflicts**: Understand the causes and consequences of WWI and WWII, and their impact on the global balance of power. ### Common Question Types: * **Multiple Choice**: Focus on cause-and-effect relationships and key events. * **Short Answer**: Be concise and specific. Use historical evidence. * **FRQs**: Develop a strong thesis and support it with relevant evidence and analysis. Practice outlining your arguments. ### Last-Minute Tips: * **Time Management**: Don't spend too long on any one question. Move on and come back if you have time. * **Common Pitfalls**: Don't just list facts; analyze them. Show you understand the *why* behind the *what*. * **Strategies**: Read the questions carefully. Plan your responses before you write. Use the documents if provided. Remember that the AP exam often combines concepts from different units. Practice making those connections in your responses. Don't just describe events; analyze their significance and impact. The graders want to see that you understand the bigger picture. Before you start writing, take a minute to jot down key points and organize your thoughts. This will help you stay focused and avoid rambling. Think of this exam as a story. You know the characters (key figures), the plot (major events), and the themes (big ideas). Just tell the story well! Good luck! You've got this! 💪

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Causation in Global Conflict

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